4g wireless

Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral efficiency . The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB),and Millimeter wireless. Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr.The high performance is achieved by the use of long term channel prediction, in both time and frequency, scheduling among users and smart antennas combined with adaptive modulation and power control. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere.

Wireless mobile communications systems are uniquely identified by "generation designations. Introduced in the early 1980s, first generation (1G) systems were marked by analog frequency modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Second generation (2G) wireless communications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and reception The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5G-an "in between " service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G communications is generally associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being "fueled " by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and paging services, as well as interactive media use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and other services. The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth-these systems provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor static applications). Segue to 4G, the "next dimension " of wireless communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna. Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr.Frequency band is 2 �]8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere.

Features:
o Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services
o IP based mobile system
o High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit
o Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services
o Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven services
o Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
o Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make multi hop network service a difficult problem)
o Better spectral efficiency
o Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be all �]IP, look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common network technologies, including802.11, WCDMA, Blue tooth, and Hyper LAN).
o An infrastructure to handle pre existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development.

3G Vs WiFi

The two most important phenomena impacting telecommunications over the past decade have been explosive parallel growth of both the internet and mobile telephone services. The internet brought the benefits of data communications to the masses with email, the web, and ecommerce; while mobile service has enabled "follow-me anywhere/always on" telephony. The internet helped accelerate the trend from voice-centric to data-centric networking. Data already exceeds voice traffic and the data share continues to grow. Now these two worlds are converging. This convergence offers the benefits of new interactive multimedia services coupled to the flexibility and mobility of wireless. To realize the full potential of this convergence, however, we need broadband access connections.

Here we compare and contrast two technologies that are likely to play important roles: Third Generation mobile ("3G") and Wireless Local Area Networks ("WLAN") . The former represents a natural evolution and extension of the business models of existing mobile providers. In contrast, the WiFi approach would leverage the large installed base of WLAN infrastructure already in place. We use 3G and WiFi as shorthand for the broad classes of related technologies that have two quiet distinct industry origins and histories.

Speaking broadly, 3G offers a vertically -integrated , top -down , service - provider approach to delivering wireless internet access , while WiFi offers an end -user -centric , decentralized approach to service provisioning. We use these two technologies to focus our speculations on the potential tensions between these two alternative world views. The wireless future will include a mix of heterogenous wireless access technologies. Moreover, we expect that the two world views will converge such that vertically-integrated service providers will integrate WiFi or other WLAN technologies into their 3G or wire line infrastructure when this make sense. The multiplicity of potential wireless access technologies and /or business models provided some hope that we may be able to realize robust facilities - based competition for broadband local access services. If this occurs, it would help solve the "last mile" competition problem that has been deviled telecommunication policy.

SOME BACKGROUND ON WiFi AND 3G

3G:
3G is a technology for mobile service providers. Mobile services are provided by service providers that own and operate their own wireless networks and sell mobile services to and -users. Mobile service providers use licensed spectrum to provide wireless telephone coverage over some relatively large contiguous geographic service area. Today it may include the entire country. From a user's perspective, the key feature of mobile service is that it offers ubiquitous and continuous coverage. To support the service, mobile operators maintain a network of interconnected and overlapping mobile base stations that hand-off customers as those customers move among adjacent cells. Each mobile base station may support user's upto several kilometers away. The cell towers are connected to each other by a backhaul network that also provides interconnection to the wire line Public Switched Telecommunications Network (PSTN) and other services. The mobile system operator owns the end-to-end network from the base stations to the backhaul networks to the point of interconnection to the PSTN. Third
Generations (3G) mobile technologies will support higher bandwidth digital communications. To expand the range and capability of data services that can be supported by digital mobile systems, service providers will have to upgrade their networks to one of the 3G technologies which can support data rates of from 384Kbps up to 2Mbps.

WiFi
WiFi is the popular name for the wireless Ethernet 802.11b standard for WLANs . WiFi allows collections of PCs, terminals ,and other distributed computing devices to share resources and peripherals such as printers, access servers etc. One of the most popular LAN technologies was Ethernet.

HOW ARE WiFi AND 3G SAME
From the preceding discussion, it might appear that 3G and WiFi address completely different user needs in quiet distinct markets that do not overlap. While this was certainly more true about earlier generations of mobile services when compared with wired LANs or earlier versions of WLANs , it is increasingly not the case. The end- user does not care what technology is used to support his service. What matter is that both of these technologies are providing platforms for wireless access to the internet and other communication services.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information-processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to solve specific problems. ANNs, like people, learn by example. An ANN is configured for a specific application, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through a learning process. Learning in biological systems involves adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist between the neurons. This is true of ANNs as well.

Neural network simulations appear to be a recent development. However, this field was established before the advent of computers, and has survived several eras. Many important advances have been boosted by the use of inexpensive computer emulations. The first artificial neuron was produced in 1943 by the neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch and the logician Walter Pitts.

There were some initial simulations using formal logic. McCulloch and Pitts (1943) developed models of neural networks based on their understanding of neurology. These models made several assumptions about how neurons worked. Their networks were based on simple neurons, which were considered to be binary devices with fixed threshold.

Not only was neuroscience, but psychologists and engineers also contributed to the progress of neural network simulations. Rosenblatt (1958) stirred considerable interest and activity in the field when he designed and developed the Perceptron. The Perceptron had three layers with the middle layer known as the association layer. This system could learn to connect or associate a given input to a random output unit.

Another system was the ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Element) which was developed in 1960 by Widrow and Hoff (of Stanford University). The ADALINE was an analogue electronic device made from simple components. The method used for learning was different to that of the Perceptron, it employed the Least-Mean-Squares (LMS) learning rule. Progress during the late 1970s and early 1980s was important to the re-emergence on interest in the neural network field.Significant progress has been made in the field of neural networks-enough to attract a great deal of attention and fund further research. Neurally based chips are emerging and applications to complex problems developing. Clearly, today is a period of transition for neural network technology.

Neural networks, with their remarkable ability to derive meaning from complicated or imprecise data, can be used to extract patterns and detect trends that are too complex to be noticed by either humans or other computer techniques. A trained neural network can be thought of as an "expert" in the category of information it has been given to analyze. This expert can then be used to provide projections given new situations of interest and answer "what if" questions.

Wireless Network Security Tools

NetStumbler

NetStumbler displays wireless access points, SSIDs, channels, whether WEP encryption is enabled and signal strength. NetStumbler can connect with GPS technology to accurately log the precise location of access points.

ApSniff

ApSniff is a wireless (802.11) access point sniffer for Windows 2000. It enables you to list all access points broadcasting beacon signals at your location. Useful for helping you set new access points making sure you do not have interfering APs, and helping you set-up wireless clients by providing you with the client configuration information. Requires WLAN cards of Prism 2 chipset. It works with a DLINK DWL-650 and linksys WPC11.

PrismStumbler

Prismstumbler is a wireless LAN (WLAN) discovery tool which scans for beacon frames from access points. Prismstumbler operates by constantly switching channels and monitors any frames received on the currently selected channel.

WEPCrack

WEPCrack was the first of the WEP encryption cracking utilities. WEPCrack is an open-source tool used to break 802.11 WEP keys. You can also download

Airsnort

Airsnort is a wireless LAN (WLAN) tool which cracks WEP encryption keys. AirSnort passively monitors wireless transmissions and automatically computes the encryption key when enough packets have been gathered.

WifiScanner

WifiScanner is a tool that has been designed to discover wireless node ( i.e access point and wireless clients). It is distributed under the GPL License. It work with CISCOR card and prism card with hostap driver or wlan-ng driver. An IDS system is integrated to detect anomaly like MAC usurpation.

Wellenreiter

Wellenreiter is a GTK / Perl program that makes the discovery and auditing of 802.11b wireless networks much easier. All three major wireless cards (Prism2 , Lucent, and Cisco) are supported. It has an embedded statistics engine for the common parameters provided by wireless drivers. Its scanner window can be used to discover access-points, networks, and ad-hoc cards. It detects ssid broadcasting or non-broadcasting networks in every channel. Non-broadcasting networks could be uncovered automatically. The manufacturer and WEP is automatically detected.

WepLab

WepLab is a tool designed to teach how WEP works, what different vulnerabilities has, and how they can be used in practice to break a WEP protected wireless network. So far, WepLab more than a Wep Key Cracker, is a Wep Security Analyzer designed from an educational point of view.

BTScanner

BTscanner is a tool that extracts as much information as possible from a Bluetooth device without the requirement to pair. A detailed information screen extracts HCI and SDP information, and maintains an open connection to monitor the RSSI and link quality. BTScanner is based on the BlueZ Bluetooth stack, which is included with recent Linux kernels, and the BlueZ tSolset. Using the information gathered from these sources, it is possible to make educated guesses as to the host device type.

FakeAP

The polar opposite of hiding your network by disabling SSID broadcasts- Black Alchemy's Fake AP generates thousands of counterfeit 802.11b access points. As part of a honeypot or as an instrument of your site security plan, Fake AP confuses Wardrivers, NetStumblers, Script Kiddies, and other scanners.

Kismet

Kismet is an 802.11 wireless network detector, sniffer, and intrusion detection system. Kismet identifies networks by passively collecting packets and detecting standard named networks, detecting hidden networks, and inferring the presence of non beaconing networks via data traffic.

Mognet

Mognet is a free, open source wireless ethernet sniffer / analyzer written in Java. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License. It was designed with handheld devices like the iPaq in mind, but will run just as well on a desktop or laptop.

About adsense

Adsense Help

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:::Help Questions for Participating In Adsense:::

>>Do they tell you when they send a check out?

>> Yes! Check the Payment History.

>>What are the highest paying keywords?

>> Your Answer is Look at this page.

>>How much can I earn with this program? >> Look at this thread.

>>I clicked my own Ads by mistake what to do now?

>> Its normal doesn’t panic. No one is perfect. Many of us have done that. If you are really worried, you can E-mail them.

>>Can my account be reinstated after being disabled for invalid activity?

>> If you feel additional information would be valuable in explaining your situation, you can notify Google at Adsense-adclicks@Google.com , or respond to the disapproval notice that was emailed to you.

Respond to the qu1.1estions asked by the support team, and they will be happy to reconsider your account with the additional information provided. There is no guarantee that you will be reinstated into AdSense. If they feel the advertisers and publishers will be adversely impacted by invalid activity we may from time to time cease a publisher's participation in the program.

>>I clicked a Number of ads on the first day and I didn't know. What do I do?

>> If you accidentally click on your own ads, it's best to let the AdSense team know. Email http://www.webmaster-headquarters.com/faqs/adsense-support@google.com and Then Explain the situation.

>>Do I need to contact Google every time I make a new web site?

>> No.

>>What is a good CTR?

>> It depends on the kind of site you got. Some sites have trouble getting a 1% CTR. Others have no trouble getting over 10% CTR. Check the links at the end of the FAQ for tips on optimizing your site.

>>How can I view my ads with out clicking them?

>> If you are using Windows and the Internet Explorer browser, you can download the Google AdSense preview tool. More information is available at:

http://www.google.com/support/adsense/bin/topic.py?topic=160

If you are not using Windows or do not have access to the Internet Explorer browser, you can view the destination URL of ads appearing on your site by following the instructions on: http://www.google.com/support/adsense/bin/answer.py?answer=9876

If you use these tips, you can set your mind at ease when you want to view the ads appearing on your site.

>>Some times I get a message that says 'Page could not be found' with a 404 error, where the link units should be. What do I do?

>> Make sure you alternative ad URL is working, and from AdSense Advisor. I recommend contacting http://www.webmaster-headquarters.com/faqs/adsense-support@google.com.

>>How do I report a cheater?

>> Click the 'Ads by Google' link. Then select the 'Report a violation.' option and tell them about the cheater.

>> What Is Google Adsense? >>www.Google.com earns most of its revenue by allowing other website owners to advertise on their search result pages. All this is managed through a program they call Google AdWords Now you can Earn a share of the revenue that Google earns from AdWords by displaying these same text ads on your site. In other words, you're helping Google advertise and they pay you a percentage of what they earn. This program is called Google AdSense !! Every website owner should at least consider the program. Even if your site is just for information purposes, you can still participate and make decent money with Google AdSense Or at least enough to fund your website. So if you are one of those people that don’t like the idea of paying for a site, this is an excellent way to earn your money back and then some.

>>Who is a Cheater? >> A Cheater is person who clicks his own ads and Encourages people to do the same he is also called a Fraud.

>>The Main Question Can I sign-up if I am under 18?

>> Yes. But you must have a parent or guardian submit an application using their name as the payee name and all payments will be made to the adult. NOT TO YOU.

>>I tried joining a week ago but I haven't got any reply. What do I do?

>> If you don’t get a reply then E-mail Google.

:::Some Other Important Questions Related To Adsense:::

>>Will I get terminated for not generating enough clicks or impressions?

>> While this language is indeed included in the T&C, please note that we have never done this sort of termination.

>>Is Adsense status a good source to check your traffic?

>> Not really. Many visitors, including Firefox users can block AdSense ads. One user get's twice the page views in awstat and webalizer than show up in the AdSense reports.

>>What do I do if I'm about to get bombed with visitors?

>> E-mail Google ASAP. At least a few business days in advance if you can, and save the E-mail and there reply. Suddenly getting bombed with visitors has been known to make Google send out that invalid clicks termination E-Mail. If you then get terminated, you can reply to them with a copy of your E-mail and there reply. Be polite! Explain to them what caused the massive increase in visitors, and include links to anything that can back you up. For example, a major web page that adds a link to your site.

>>Who pays more money $$Google or Yahoo$$?

>> There's not a lot of info out on this yet. I got three quotes from three users that are now testing Yahoo... 'Yahoo pays 100% more'. Another one is 'finding YPN actually better than Adsense', and 'the CPC is better then AdSense' Of course we don't know how the payout will be after Yahoo get's out of beta. As far as we know, they could cut payout in half a few months after going public when all the hype dies down. If you got Yahoo Ads on your site, post your results on the boards and compare them to Google Ads You will get the Answer.

>>Can we have images above or next to our ads?

>> Yes, but include a border line between the ads and use generic ads.

From AdSense Advisor...

Placing images above AdSense ads is not necessarily prohibited by program policies. However, depending on the method of implementation this could be considered `encouraging users to click on ads'. Encouraging users to click on the Google ads appearing on your site is prohibited by AdSense program policies. The reason for this is to prevent artificial inflation of advertiser costs. This benefits both advertisers and publishers by preserving the integrity of the network, and maintaining its long-term viability. If you have concerns about whether you have implemented your ads in a way that complies with AdSense program policies, feel free to email us with your URL. A specialist will be happy to conduct a review, and you will not be penalized.

>>How do I change my Email Address / login?

>> 1. Create a new email. If possible, use the email address currently associated with your AdSense account

2. Write 'Login change request' as the subject of your message 3. Include the following in the body of your message: * The email address currently associated with your account * The date of the first day your account registered AdSense impressions * The number of page impressions registered on your first day of impressions 4.Send the email to adsense-support@Google.com

>>My 'Aggregate' clicks are about 15% more than the sum of all my channel clicks. Why do I have missing clicks?

>> If you are using URL channels, some of these clicks could have been generated from cached versions of your page appearing in search engine results. Also, someone might be framing your content so the clicks are attributable to a different URL. Using 'www' in your URL channel can also have an effect on tracking. If you are using custom channels, it is likely that one of your ad units might not be attributable to a channel.

:::Some Questions Related To CPM & CPC Ads:::

>>What is CPC Ads V/S CPM Ads?

>> Cost-per-click (CPC) and cost-per-thousand-impression (CPM). When AdWords advertisers bid on a CPM basis, their ads will compete against CPC ads to display on your pages. Our technology automatically displays whichever ad will generate the maximum revenue for that page, so these ads should only improve your site's revenue potential. If a CPM ad appears on your site, you will be paid each time it appears on your page, not every 1000 times. The term 'cost-per-thousand-impressions' refers to they way AdWords advertisers bid on these Ads. For example, an AdWords advertiser might bid $X for 1000 ad impressions. If this ad appears on your site through the AdSense program, you will receive 1/1000 of $X each time the ad appears. This type of ad will only show on your site if it represents more revenue potential than a CPC Ads.

>>Can we view CPM ads on our own site?

>> You are permitted to view CPM ads appearing on your pages without the risk of creating invalid ad impressions.

>>How could I be make money from no click?

>> With CPM ads these Ads are Cost Per Month Ads.

>>Why does the page eCPM goes down as day progresses?

>> The ads which pay higher can end because they reach their daily limit.

:::Some More Questions About Getting Away Of BAN From Adsense:::

>>How do I keep away from getting terminated of Adsense?

>> Do use the Adsense approved formats only.

>> Do keep your click-through data and income private.

>> Don't display Adsense on registration or thank you pages.

>> Don't use Adsense code and a competitor's content-targeted advertisement on the same page.

>> Don't encourage anyone else to click on ads.

>> Don't click on the site's own ads ever.

Read the Adsense policies and terms.

The easiest method an account can be banned is by a Webmaster clicking on the site's own ads.

Spikes in click-through percentages are hefty red flags. Those are the changes worth becoming proactive over by emailing Google Adsense. A site that rises from a consistent 1% click-through rate to a 10% click-through rate on one day could become suspect. The actual percentage that creates the flag isn't made public for obvious reasons.

>>What if I get denied when I sign-up and Google says I got banned before, yet I've never used AdSense?

>> If you get this E-Mail....

Your AdSense account was found to be related to an account previously disabled for invalid click activity. A publisher who has an account that has been disabled for invalid clicks is not allowed further participation in the AdSense program. And you've never used AdSense before try to figure out WHY they might be thinking you were once banned. IP Address? Owning a domain that was once owned by a user that cheated AdSense?? Once you figure out the cause, send them a nicely worded explanation, and cross your fingers.

>> How Much Can I Earn From Google Adsense? >>Google does not disclose exactly how much you'll earn per ad that is clicked. The commission you receive per click depends on how much advertisers are paying Google for the particular Ad You will earn a share of that amount. I've heard of earnings anywhere from 2 cents to $15 per click. So it is logical to believe that keyword phrases like debt free, employment, make money, mp3, sex,etc. will earn you more per click since these are highly competitive keywords that are searched for quite a bit on the web. Advertisers generally pay more for popular terms because they are searched for more. Even though Google will not reveal how much you are earning for each ad that is clicked from your site, you can still login to your account at any time and see the total amount of revenue you've generated that day, week, month, year, etc. For example, if you see that you've made $12.60 today from 9 clicks then you can calculate that your average click-thru commission was $1.40 per click. That's as detailed as their stats will get. Also remember, that's only an average. You won't know how much each specific ad brought in.

>>How to get unbanned from Adsense?

>> Read these Articles.

>>How to get my Adsense Account back?

>> There is No way to get it back but You Can Try Once by Filling an Online Appeal Form.

Next time you join a program, read the Terms & Conditions CAREFULLY.

>>Does high CTR mean elimination from Adsense?

>> probably not. It shows your site is much optimized. It's when you have a massive spike that you want to worry about it. One thing to worry about is getting click-bombed. If you average 100 clicks a day, and suddenly get a 500 click day, contact Google immediately.

>>Can affiliate text links be on the same page as AdSense?

>> Yes. Though if you join programs that look like AdSense, such as Yahoo ad program, where the ads show content related to the page, you can't have them on the same page as Google.

>>Can I place Yahoo and Google ads on the same site?

>> Yes, BUT, they can not be on the same page. And you can have it random, one time Yahoo, and another time Google. Just don't have them both show up on the same page.